Suchergebnisse

ZusammenfassungSeit langem werden von Ökonomen Straßenbenutzungsgebühren als Instrument gegen Verkehrsstaus empfohlen. In der Praxis gibt es jedoch nur wenige Anwendungen. In diesem Artikel werden die unterschiedliche Stautechnologien und die jeweils adäquate Maut identifiziert. Widerstände, die einer Maut entgegenstehen, und Möglichkeiten, sie zu überwinden, werden aufgezeigt. Es ist an der Zeit, den Einheitlichen Europäischen Mautdienst zu realisieren und einen Rechtsrahmen in Deutschland zu schaffen, der es Städten erlaubt, Maut zu erheben.

Grandfather rights are currently used in the European Union to allocate airport slots. This article shows that airports prefer such a use-it-or-lose-it rule to unconditional property rights. Assuming that there are informational asymmetries between airports and air carriers because air carriers have better information on passenger demand, the use-it-or-lose-it rule increases slot use when demand for air transport is low. Airport prots increase and those of the air carriers, together with social welfare, decrease. The prot-maximizing rule is a use-it- g < 1-or-lose-it rule.

Grandfather rights are currently used in the European Union to allocate airport slots. This article shows that airports prefer such a use-it-or-lose-it rule to unconditional property rights. Assuming that there are informational asymmetries between airports and air carriers because air carriers have better information on passenger demand, the use-it-or-lose-it rule increases slot use when demand for air transport is low. Airport prots increase and those of the air carriers, together with social welfare, decrease. The prot-maximizing rule is a use-it- g < 1-or-lose-it rule. ; Grandfather rights are currently used in the European Union to allocate airport slots. This article shows that airports prefer such a use-it-or-lose-it rule to unconditional property rights. Assuming that there are informational asymmetries between airports and air carriers because air carriers have better information on passenger demand, the use-it-or-lose-it rule increases slot use when demand for air transport is low. Airport prots increase and those of the air carriers, together with social welfare, decrease. The prot-maximizing rule is a use-it- g < 1-or-lose-it rule.

Grandfather rights are currently used in the European Union to allocate airport slots. This article shows that airports refer such a use-it-or-lose-it rule to unconditional property rights. Assuming that there are informational asymmetries between airports and air carriers because air carriers have better information on passenger demand, the use-it-or-lose-it rule increases slot use when demand for air transport is low. Airport profits increase and those of the air carriers, together with social welfare, decrease. The profit-maximizing rule is a use-it-or-lose-it rule. ; Grandfather rights are currently used in the European Union to allocate airport slots. This article shows that airports refer such a use-it-or-lose-it rule to unconditional property rights. Assuming that there are informational asymmetries between airports and air carriers because air carriers have better information on passenger demand, the use-it-or-lose-it rule increases slot use when demand for air transport is low. Airport profits increase and those of the air carriers, together with social welfare, decrease. The profit-maximizing rule is a use-it-or-lose-it rule.

ABSTRACTAccording to political business cycle theory, separate opportunistic and partisan approaches exist. It is obvious, as seen from theoretical and empirical points of view, that politicians aim for both opportunistic as well as partisan goals. This paper presents a model of a pre‐election political business cycle that manifests an indication of competence and a post‐election political business cycle that occurs because of the uncertainty of an election's winner monetary policy. In the pre‐election period competent governments expand the economy. The post‐election cycle depends on whether a leftist or a conservative government is in power in the pre‐election period, and if they are re‐elected or not.

This paper shows that being "rational" is not crucial for rational opportunistic political business cycle theory. Partisan & independent central banks initiate a political business cycle even if voters & central banks adapt to positive rewards. I consider a central bank that is independent but has party preferences. Voters prefer competence, but do not know the government's competence. Therefore, the central bank signals competence through an expansive monetary policy. The approach used is a simulation of artificial adaptive agents in an evolutionary programming setup. In contrast to a model with complete rationality, the convergence of the evolutionary path is not unique in the simulation. Political, nonpolitical & nonequilibria (in a game theoretical sense) coexist. Coordination occurs frequently. 8 Figures, 39 References. Adapted from the source document.